Kalmakpai Fm
Period:
Neogene
Age Interval:
late Miocene-early Pliocene
Province:
Zaisan (Zaysan) Basin - East
Type Locality and Naming
Synonym: N1-2kl
Lithology and Thickness
Upper unit is 21 m of Reddish-brown clays with occasional interbeds of fine-grained sands, at the base - sands with gravel and pebbles. Middle unit is 59.3 m of Light reddish-brown and brownish-red clays, locally laminated or cloddy, with interbeds of light yellowish-gray, variously-grained sands and gravel-pebble deposits with sandy matrix in the lower part of the section. Lower unit is 40.6 m of Brown, reddish-brown, and light brown clays, locally with black spots of manganese oxides. In the upper part of the section, there are fragments of vertebrate bone remains. The clays are composed of montmorillonite and hydromica.
Lithology Pattern:
Claystone
Relationships and Distribution
Lower contact
Unconformable onto the Sarybulak Fm
Upper contact
Unconformably overlain by the Karabulak Fm
Regional extent
GeoJSON
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Fossils
Age
late Miocene-early Pliocene; bound by minor hiatuses of uncertain extent (not included in age span here)
Age Span:
Beginning stage:
Tortonian
Fraction up in beginning stage:
0.5
Beginning date (Ma):
9.44
Ending stage:
Zanclean
Fraction up in the ending stage:
1.0
Ending date (Ma):
3.60
Depositional setting
Depositional pattern:
Additional Information
Compiler:
Information provided by Nariman Jamikeshev from Kazakh-language sources and from other publications.